Civil Services Prep

Prelims MCQ · Medieval History

Al-Biruni relied heavily on normative Sanskritic texts, compared the caste system with social divisions in ancient Persia, and rejected the notion of social pollution as contrary to the laws of nature.

Which conclusion is most defensible?

  1. He reproduced Brahmanical claims without applying independent judgment
  2. He rejected Sanskritic sources because their concepts were difficult to translate
  3. He combined Sanskritic learning with comparison and criticism, though his account remained shaped by its textual base
  4. He reconstructed Indian society primarily through direct observation of marginalised occupational groups
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