Consider the following fruits: I. Papaya II. Pineapple III. Guava. How many of the above were introduced in India by the Portuguese in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

• I. Papaya: Papaya is a New World crop native to tropical America. It was introduced into India by the Portuguese in the 16th–17th centuries. Verdict: Correct.
• II. Pineapple: Pineapple is also native to South America and came to India through Portuguese maritime trade in the early modern period. Verdict: Correct.
• III. Guava: Guava too is a tropical American fruit and is widely accepted as having been brought to India by the Portuguese. Verdict: Correct.

Hence, all three were introduced in India by the Portuguese. Answer: (c) All the three.