General Science and Technology

Infection, immunity and diagnostic principles

First systematic UPSC revision with school-level arithmetic and basic science vocabulary; no specialist science degree assumed.

Includes

• Assigned sections and concise recall notes
• Available mapped practice and analysis of mistakes
• One initial closed-book review

Separate time needed

• Specialist derivations and laboratory training
• Subsequent revision and full mock tests
• Continuing technology and mission updates
• Duplicated ecology, agriculture, health-administration or energy-policy study

Editorial planning estimate; not learner timing data

• Rapid Diagnostics ↗

  What are rapid diagnostics? and the definitions of sensitivity and specificity under Are rapid diagnostics accurate? Exclude blanket accuracy claims and treatment recommendations.

• NIOS Science and Technology: Health and Hygiene ↗

  Section 32.3, disease categories, pathogens and transmission; exclude drug regimens and dated programme statistics

• Immune response ↗

  Information paragraphs on antigens; Acquired immunity; Passive immunity; Blood components; Immunization. Exclude clinical examples and schedules; this assignment explains mechanisms, not guaranteed protection.

• NIOS Science and Technology: Health and Hygiene ↗

  Sections 32.7.1–32.7.2 on radiography and ultrasound only; use NIH for MRI and CT

• Computed Tomography ↗

  What is CT? and How does CT work?

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging ↗

  What is MRI? and How does MRI work?

• Heart Tests ↗

  Electrocardiogram section: recording cardiac electrical activity

• Antimicrobial resistance, fact sheet (16 July 2026) ↗

  Overview, A global concern and WHO response: scope, drivers, prevention and cross-sector coordination. Exclude numerical burden estimates and treatment regimens. The 2026 plan is later context, not evidence of institutions already operating in 2014.

• About Antimicrobial Resistance ↗

  Terms to know; How antimicrobial resistance happens; selection paragraph; resistance-mechanism table; first of Five things to know. Teach microbial selection and resistance, not a person becoming resistant. No clinical drug selection, doses or dated US burden figures.

• Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Guideline (2018) ↗

  Sections 2–4 and opening 5.1.1 (PDF pp. 8–10), plus first two paragraphs of 5.2.4 (PDF p. 15). Institutional stewardship, audit/feedback and local microbiology evidence only. The remaining prescribing protocols and numerical intervention effects are not assigned.

• Steps taken by the Government to increase surveillance and awareness of Antimicrobial Resistance (28 March 2025) ↗

  Opening NARS-Net paragraphs and paragraphs on awareness, prescription controls and infection prevention, before Annexure I. Dated 28 March 2025 programme description; no lab-count memorisation, current legal advice or claim of population-representative prevalence.

  · Supplementary
• Launch of National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 2.0 (18 November 2025) ↗

  Opening launch paragraph and Background paragraphs on One Health, sector action plans, budgets, timelines and coordination. Launch and design are distinguished from demonstrated implementation or effectiveness. Do not assign the unsupported first-state or first-awareness-week claims.

  · Supplementary
• The different types of COVID-19 vaccines (12 January 2021) ↗

  The different types of vaccines: whole-microbe, subunit and genetic approaches. Platform mechanisms only; exclude 2020 candidate counts, dated authorization status, generic dose counts and individual clinical recommendations.

• Press statement by the Drugs Controller General of India on vaccines for COVID-19 (3 January 2021) ↗

  Paragraphs beginning M/s Serum Institute of India, M/s Bharat Biotech and M/s Cadila Healthcare. Dated January 2021 examples: transferred vector technology, inactivated-virus development and a DNA candidate. Trial permission is not product approval; no present availability, dose schedule or efficacy comparison is assigned.

  · Supplementary
• Respiratory-virus tests: antigen and molecular detection ↗

  Test-type paragraphs: antigen versus nucleic-acid detection and relative sensitivity. Study mechanisms and false negatives; clinical testing instructions are outside this assignment.

• Rapid Diagnostics ↗

  What are rapid diagnostics? and the definitions of sensitivity and specificity under Are rapid diagnostics accurate? Exclude blanket accuracy claims and treatment recommendations.

• Considerations for AI regulation in health (2023) ↗

  19 October 2023 release: retinal/radiology examples and six regulatory considerations. Potential uses require validation; the release is guidance, not Indian legislation.