General Science and Technology

Intellectual property and innovation

First systematic UPSC revision with school-level arithmetic and basic science vocabulary; no specialist science degree assumed.

Includes

• Assigned sections and concise recall notes
• Available mapped practice and analysis of mistakes
• One initial closed-book review

Separate time needed

• Specialist derivations and laboratory training
• Subsequent revision and full mock tests
• Continuing technology and mission updates
• Duplicated ecology, agriculture, health-administration or energy-policy study

Editorial planning estimate; not learner timing data

• What is Intellectual Property? ↗

  What is intellectual property? printed pages 1–3, PDF pages 3–5

• What is Intellectual Property? ↗

  Patents, printed pages 4–7, PDF pages 6–9

• What is Intellectual Property? ↗

  Industrial designs, printed pages 8–11, PDF pages 10–13

• What is Intellectual Property? ↗

  Trademarks, printed pages 12–15, PDF pages 14–17

• What is Intellectual Property? ↗

  Geographical indications, printed pages 16–19, PDF pages 18–21

• What is Intellectual Property? ↗

  Copyright, printed pages 20–24, PDF pages 22–26

• The Patents Act, 1970, incorporating amendments through 1 August 2024 ↗

  Sections 2(1)(ac),(j),(ja); 3(c),(d),(i),(j),(p); 25(1) opening and (k); 84(1),(4),(6). Official consolidation through 1 August 2024. Section 3 was also checked against the live official section page on 18 October 2026. This is an educational reading of specified provisions, not certification of every procedural rule or subsequent case.

• Novartis AG v Union of India and others, 1 April 2013 ↗

  Paragraphs 59 and 66 for TRIPS/amendment context; 87 and 103–104 for invention versus the additional standard; 180–192 for therapeutic efficacy, evidence and limits; 195 for disposition. Read counsel’s positions as submissions, not holdings. Do not infer a ban on all incremental inventions or that greater bioavailability can never improve therapeutic efficacy. The official and WIPO PDF endpoints returned non-PDF responses; this is the judgment reproduced by Indian Kanoon, with identity/date cross-checked in WIPO Lex.

• WIPO Guide to Trade Secrets and Innovation: Part III ↗

  Part III sections 1.1–1.3, 2.1, opening 2.2, and 2.3 Independent discovery/Reverse engineering. Secrecy, commercial value and reasonable protection are cumulative; no registration does not mean no safeguards. Exceptions and contractual restrictions vary by jurisdiction; the reading is not a universal permission to reverse-engineer.

• Traditional Knowledge Digital Library Unit ↗

  About TKDL: language/classification barrier, prior-art bridge, patent-office access-agreement restrictions, third-party submissions and defensive purpose. Exclude changing formulation/office/success counts and claims of clinical efficacy. Patent-office access is not presented as the only possible access route or a complete account of the later wider-access programme.

• Compulsory licensing of pharmaceuticals and TRIPS ↗

  What is compulsory licensing? through general conditions and remuneration, plus the explanation of the special export mechanism. Distinguish authorisation without consent from revocation, and a general licence from a waiver of prior negotiation. Exclude changing LDC lists/deadlines, automatic access/price claims and any suggestion that legal flexibility alone supplies manufacturing capacity.

• Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001 ↗

  Sections 14–15(3), 28(1), 30 and 39(1)(i),(iv), including the branded-seed proviso and definition. This is the Authority’s published 2001 Act text, assigned for foundational variety/breeder/research/farmer distinctions. Do not use its older appellate machinery, filing fees, notification lists or expired procedural timelines.