Civil Services Prep

Prelims MCQ · Modern History and the Freedom Struggle

Consider the following characteristics of nineteenth-century socio-religious reform:

  • It encouraged personal interpretation, rational inquiry and engagement with modern scientific knowledge.
  • It helped restore cultural self-respect under colonial rule.
  • Its social base was often confined to educated urban middle classes.
  • Appeals to an idealised past and separate religious identities sometimes encouraged sectarian or communal consciousness.

Which one of the following conclusions is best supported by these characteristics?

  1. The movements promoted modernisation and cultural confidence, but their reach and historical effects were limited by social narrowness and sectarian tendencies.
  2. The movements pursued complete Westernisation by rejecting indigenous traditions and religious identities.
  3. The movements were led principally by peasants and the urban poor and remained detached from questions of religion.
  4. The movements produced a uniformly secular public culture and played no role in the growth of communal consciousness.
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