Civil Services Prep

Prelims MCQ · Modern History and the Freedom Struggle

Consider the following developments:

  • Colonial modernisation created new institutions and forms of communication.
  • Imperial policies generated economic grievances and political opposition.
  • Social reform and historical reinterpretation strengthened confidence and weakened internal divisions.
  • National movements in Europe and the Americas supplied influential international examples.

Which one of the following conclusions is best supported by these developments?

  1. Indian nationalism resulted exclusively from the conscious educational policy of the colonial government.
  2. Indian nationalism arose from an interaction of colonial changes, opposition to imperial rule, indigenous renewal and international influences.
  3. Indian nationalism developed independently of economic grievances and political discrimination.
  4. International events were its sole cause, while domestic institutions and conflicts were irrelevant.
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