International Relations

International economic and specialized institutions

School-level history and geography; basic constitutional institutions; first systematic study of international relations.

Includes

• Assigned sections and concise recall notes
• Available mapped practice and analysis of mistakes
• One initial closed-book review

Separate time needed

• Later revision and full timed papers
• Continuing diplomatic news and changing officeholders or statistics
• World-history chronology and general economic theory already assigned elsewhere

Editorial planning estimate; not learner timing data

• The IMF and the World Bank ↗

  Shared roots and goals; IMF mandate; World Bank mandate; cooperation mechanisms; factsheet updated November 2022

• Understanding the WTO ↗

  Chapter 1 sections 1–2; Chapter 7 section 1, printed pp. 101–102; 2015 edition, exclude current officeholders, membership and obsolete committees

• Understanding the WTO ↗

  Chapter 1 section 2, printed pp. 10–12; conditions and exceptions matter

• Understanding the WTO ↗

  Chapter 3, printed pp. 55–57; original DSU design, not current Appellate Body functionality

• Constitution of the World Health Organization ↗

  Articles 1–2, 9–10, 18–23 and 28; 2006 consolidation, institutional mandate rather than later IHR amendments

• Introduction to IMO ↗

  Introduction: mandate and international regulatory framework

• IMO’s role in protecting the world’s oceans ↗

  Important IMO conventions for ocean protection: MARPOL, SOLAS, OPRC, ballast water, ship recycling, STCW and London Convention/Protocol; omit later news sections

• Constitution of UNESCO: Basic Texts 2026, section A ↗

  Basic Texts 2026 section A: Article I(1) and I(3); II(6); III; IV(1),(2),(4),(7),(8); V(1)(a), V(6)(a)–(b); VI(1)–(2),(5); VII(1)–(2); IX(1)–(3). Distinguish mandate, organs, standards, liaison and funding. Footnote 2 on PDF p. 4 explicitly says the quoted 1995 withdrawal/budget amendments have not entered into force; do not teach them as operative text. General duties and funding channels do not establish a particular country’s arrears or historical withdrawal motives.

• About UNDP ↗

  Our mission, our goals, our mandate; What we do; History. Focus on development partnerships, poverty/governance/resilience work and the link between crisis recovery and development. Exclude changing country counts, anniversaries and claims of measured impact. Do not use superseded indexed leadership/funding sections absent from the current page.

• Executive Board of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS ↗

  Opening Executive Board paragraph: 36-country rotating representation, regional Bureau and oversight of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS. Exclude officeholders, meeting dates, linked strategic plans and the administrative Secretariat inventory.

• About UNHCR ↗

  UNHCR mandate and governing charters: refugee protection and support for returnees, internally displaced and stateless people; the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol as governing references. This overview is not a full legal definition of every protected category or a universal mandate over every displaced person. Exclude counts, officeholders and linked instruments not separately assigned.

• Governance and oversight ↗

  Opening paragraphs through annual reporting to ECOSOC and the General Assembly: intergovernmental oversight, Executive Committee approval of programmes/budget, and the High Commissioner. Exclude current officials and detailed internal audit arrangements.

• UNICEF mission statement ↗

  Mission statement paragraphs on the General Assembly mandate, Convention on the Rights of the Child, national capacity, disadvantaged children, emergency response and nondiscrimination. Mandate and priorities are not proof of programme outcomes. Exclude country counts and linked pages.

• About the UNICEF Executive Board ↗

  Opening two paragraphs: General Assembly/ECOSOC policy guidance, Executive Board oversight and approval of policies, country programmes and budgets. Exclude meeting calendars, officeholders and Secretariat administrative detail.

• Who we are ↗

  Who we are opening mission; paragraph beginning We work to enhance nutrition; We save lives recovery sentence; We change lives opening sentence; We rely on voluntary donations sentence beginning Our operations are entirely funded. Exclude beneficiary/fleet/funding statistics, delivery percentages, rankings and Nobel-award recall. These describe food assistance and resilience functions, not guaranteed impact.

• WFP Executive Board ↗

  Single paragraph beginning The Executive Board is WFP’s supreme governing body: intergovernmental policy direction and supervision. Exclude image captions, current officers, news and event listings.

• Members of the WFP Board ↗

  Opening paragraph through the three-year term and re-election rule: 18 members elected by ECOSOC and 18 by the FAO Council. Exclude election calendars, current membership tables, regional seat-sharing arrangements and observer details.

• How does the IMF make decisions? ↗

  Decision-making structure; Executive Board composition/role and decision processes; Board of Governors composition/functions; Managing Director first paragraph. Read basic plus quota-based votes, delegated day-to-day authority and reserved governors’ powers. Exclude changing counts, officials, meeting calendars and the stale future-looking 16th quota-review timeline. No current voting shares or completed reform outcome inferred.

• A guide to committees, groups and clubs ↗

  International Monetary and Financial Committee: purpose, lack of formal decision-making powers, consensus and World Bank observer participation; Development Committee opening name and advisory-purpose paragraphs. Exclude current members/chairs, numerical inventories and all other groups, including the dated GAB account.

• World Bank Group basics ↗

  What is the World Bank Group? opening institutional distinction: IBRD and IDA comprise the World Bank; the Group also includes IFC, MIGA and ICSID. Exclude funding-composition claims, changing membership and uninspected linked material.

• World Bank organization ↗

  Organization opening governance paragraph and Directors paragraph: member representation, ultimate policymaking and four separate boards for IBRD, IDA, IFC and MIGA. Exclude names, country lists and current director/member counts. ICSID is not claimed to have one of those four boards.

• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ↗

  Opening mission and 1944 reconstruction/partnership paragraphs; IBRD’s Services opening paragraph; How IBRD Is Financed opening market-funding paragraph. Read clients, reconstruction origin, collaboration and market funding. Exclude dated financial statistics, ratings and claims of measured impact.

• What is IDA? ↗

  Opening paragraph only: grants and concessional loans to low-income countries. Exclude beneficiary counts, graduation lists, causal impact claims and old indexed replenishment material absent from the current page.

• Who we are: International Finance Corporation ↗

  Who We Are opening paragraph and the sentence identifying IFC as a World Bank Group institution focused on the private sector in emerging markets. Exclude promotional impact claims, age/count inconsistencies, current leadership and fiscal-year totals.

• About ICSID ↗

  Opening three paragraphs through the independent Conciliation Commission or Arbitral Tribunal: investment-dispute settlement, treaty origin and conciliation/mediation/arbitration/fact-finding. Exclude caseload totals and comparative/promotional claims. This overview does not establish jurisdiction over a particular dispute or compulsory jurisdiction over all investments.

• What we do ↗

  Who We Are opening paragraph and How We Deliver Impact sentence on protection against non-commercial risks. Exclude guarantee-platform product inventory, financing totals, officials and claims of achieved outcomes. Do not equate guarantees with direct project loans.

• World Bank Group voting powers ↗

  Allocation of Votes by Organization: IBRD and IFC share/basic votes, IDA subscription/membership votes under replenishment resolutions, and MIGA share/parity votes. Read as a comparison of different institutional rules. Exclude linked current country/constituency voting tables and any uniform one-country-one-vote claim.

• Agreement on the New Development Bank ↗

  Outer Agreement Articles 1–3; Annex Articles 2–6, 8(c), 11(a)–(b) and 12(a). Read founding BRICS countries, development purpose, UN-member eligibility, Shanghai seat, share-based votes, founder voting floor and governors/directors. Distinguish outer Agreement and Annex numbering. Initial equal subscriptions are a founding arrangement, not a current share table. Do not assign the full agreement, later member lists, presidency provisions or legal advice.

• Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: Articles of Agreement ↗

  Articles 1–3, 5(2)–(3), 22–23, 26, 27(1) and 28(1)–(2). Read infrastructure/development purpose, regional and non-regional eligibility, capital safeguard, governors/directors, conditional non-resident board, voting components and supermajority. Exclude uninspected schedules, present shareholder rankings, current membership counts and any assertion that eligibility alone proves actual membership at an exam date.

• How we are organized ↗

  Who We Are opening mandate; Members; Board of Governors; Board of Directors. Read Asia-Pacific development mandate, regional/non-regional ownership and elected governors/directors’ roles. Exclude changing membership/director counts, officials, department inventory and impact claims.

• How the ILO works ↗

  Tripartism and social dialogue; the three Main bodies bullets; Standards supervisory system first paragraph only. Read government/employer/worker participation, Conference standards, Governing Body executive work, Office secretariat and supervision/technical assistance. Workers and employers together balance governments; do not infer three equal voting blocs or a tripartite voting membership for the Office staff. Exclude the later loose wording that could imply Recommendations are ratified, meeting frequencies, project counts and current management.

• Conventions, Protocols and Recommendations ↗

  Opening definition, Conventions/Protocols versus Recommendations bullets, adoption paragraph and the sentences beginning If it is ratified and Ratifying countries undertake. Read binding treaties for ratifying states, non-binding guidance, implementation and reporting. Exclude generalized submission/entry-into-force deadlines, instrument counts and a claim that membership alone ratifies every convention. Individual convention provisions and Indian ratification status are separate assignments.

• About FAO ↗

  About FAO opening two sentences: specialized-agency role and food security. Exclude changing membership and country counts, promotional claims and organization-chart links.

• Ask FAO: mandates of FAO, WFP and IFAD ↗

  How is FAO’s work different from that of WFP and IFAD? four paragraphs only: technical knowledge, humanitarian food assistance, rural-development finance and complementary mandates. Exclude the blanket funding statement, current officials and unrelated measurement questions. This comparison does not replace each institution’s fuller mandate or substantive agriculture study.

• FAO Conference ↗

  The Conference: opening representation clause and the following policy/budget, constitutional-amendment and election paragraphs; Membership opening sentence only. Exclude current country/associate-member lists, meeting dates and officeholders. Do not infer identical voting rights from representation alone.

• FAO Council ↗

  Opening paragraph beginning The Council acts as the executive arm; Membership first paragraph on election, staggered terms and member votes. Exclude current country tables, changes of representatives, session documents and officials.

• About WIPO ↗

  What is WIPO? opening service/forum description; Who we are: Member states and Management & staff; What we do first two bullets. Read international IP cooperation and services, member-directed strategy and secretariat implementation. Exclude promotional impact claims, counts, officeholders and uninspected individual service/treaty pages. Do not infer a single worldwide IP right or compulsory jurisdiction from the overview.

• WIPO Assemblies ↗

  WIPO Assemblies opening two paragraphs: General Assembly and Coordination Committee as main decision bodies and member-state review of policy. Exclude numerical assembly inventory, meeting calendars and linked resolutions.

• WIPO Director General appointment: constitutional provisions ↗

  Constitutional provisions only: Convention Article 8(3)(v), Article 6(2)(i) and Article 6(3)(g). Read Coordination Committee nomination, General Assembly appointment and required majorities in the Paris and Berne Union Assemblies. Exclude the dated candidate list, election timetable and any inference about the current officeholder.

• WTO Appellate Body ↗

  Appellate Body opening two paragraphs: original legal-review function and current vacancy warning, checked on 18 October 2026. The functional warning qualifies the older Understanding the WTO assignment; it is not a permanent treaty rule or a fact to project backwards into a 2018 answer. Exclude case lists, officeholders, procedural documents and any claim that this overview is an authoritative treaty interpretation.

• WTO alternative dispute resolution procedures ↗

  Article 25 arbitration opening paragraph and MPIA opening paragraph only: joint agreement, agreed procedures and interim appeal review among participants. Exclude the changing participant list, dispute awards and any assumption that every WTO member participates or that MPIA replaces the DSU for all members.

• International Health Regulations (2005), amended in 2014, 2022 and 2024 ↗

  Explanatory note (PDF p. 1); Article 1 definitions of PHEIC, pandemic emergency, temporary recommendation and standing recommendation; Articles 2, 3(4), 6(1), 12(1)–(4 bis), 15(1)–(3), 16(1), 48(1)–(2), 49(5)–(6). Read the 2024-amended institutional framework with state-specific applicability caveats. The 19 June 2026 consolidation records different amendment acceptance/rejection histories. Do not assign the entire 104-page text, Appendix country tables, Annex 2 decision diagram or individual clinical/travel measures. Article 6 references Annex 2 without this assignment teaching its diagnostic application. The new pandemic-emergency category must not be projected back into 2020.

• International Health Regulations amendments: questions and answers ↗

  Only the Q&A on whether WHO can impose domestic health measures and the PHEIC criteria/implications questions. Read institutional authority and non-binding temporary recommendations, cross-checked against the consolidated IHR. Exclude the prospective 2025/2026 entry-into-force wording, country counts, procedural negotiation history and outdated pandemic-agreement negotiation status.

• Structure of IMO ↗

  Assembly; Council role/function paragraphs before current membership; Maritime Safety Committee; Marine Environment Protection Committee; Legal Committee; Technical Cooperation Committee; Facilitation Committee; Secretariat opening institutional description. Read authority and committee division of work. Exclude current Council member lists/counts, pending expansion claims, officeholders, budgets and uninspected subcommittee links. Do not confuse adoption of a constitutional amendment with its entry into force.