Indian art and culture / Religion and philosophy
Bhakti in the south: Alvars, Nayanars, acharyas and Virashaivas
Practise 3 PYQsConcepts to cover
- Twelve Alvars (Andal, Nammalvar, Periyalvar) and sixty-three Nayanars (Appar, Sambandar, Sundarar, Manikkavachakar, Karaikkal Ammaiyar); Chola temple patronage
- Adi Shankara (eighth century, Kaladi): Advaita, maya, four mathas, debates with Mimamsakas and Buddhists
- Ramanuja (eleventh to twelfth century, Srirangam): Vishishtadvaita, Sri Vaishnava sampradaya, devotion (bhakti and prapatti) as the best means of salvation; Nathamuni and Yamunacharya before him
- Madhvacharya (thirteenth century, Udupi): Dvaita; Haridasa movement (Purandaradasa, Kanakadasa); Vallabha's Pushtimarg is distinct
- Basavanna (twelfth century, Kalyana court of Bijjala): Virashaivas or Lingayats, vachanas, ishtalinga, rejection of caste hierarchy and questioning of rebirth, burial not cremation
- Siddhars (Sittars) of Tamil country: monotheistic, condemned idolatry and caste, Tirumular's Tirumantiram
Where to study
Themes in Indian History Part II, Class XII (prelims and contents)
- Theme 6
Our Pasts II, Class VII, ch. 6 Devotional Paths to the Divine
- ch. 6 Devotional Paths to the Divine, pp. 1-18 (printed 61-78)
- ch. 6 Devotional Paths to the Divine, Bhakti in South India: Nayanars and Alvars, pp. 2-3 (printed 62-63)
- ch. 6 Devotional Paths to the Divine, Philosophy and Bhakti (Shankara, Advaita), p. 4 (printed 64)
- ch. 6 Devotional Paths to the Divine, Philosophy and Bhakti (Ramanuja, Vishishtadvaita), p. 4 (printed 64)
- ch. 6 Devotional Paths to the Divine, Basavanna's Virashaivism; Virashaiva vachanas, pp. 4-5 (printed 64-65)
Tamil Nadu State Board Class XI History, Volume I
- Lesson 9 Cultural Development in South India, pp. 143-163 (printed 139-159)
- Lesson 9 Cultural Development in South India, 9.7 Azhwars and Nayanmars; Nayanmars, pp. 157-159 (printed 153-155)
- Lesson 9 Cultural Development in South India, 9.8 Adi Sankara; Advent of Adi Sankara, pp. 159-160 (printed 155-156)
- Lesson 9 Cultural Development in South India, 9.9 Sri Ramanujar, pp. 159-160 (printed 155-156)
- Lesson 9 Cultural Development in South India, 9.9 Sri Ramanujar (Madhva's Dvaita), pp. 159-160 (printed 155-156)
- Lesson 10 Advent of Arabs and Turks, Economy and society under the Sultanate (the Virashaiva or Lingayat sect), p. 180 (printed 176)
- Lesson 10 Advent of Arabs and Turks, Economy and society under the Sultanate (the Siddhars of Tamil Nadu), p. 180 (printed 176)
- Lesson 9 Cultural Development in South India, Exercise (Siddhar poetry), p. 162 (printed 158)
Tamil Nadu State Board Class XI History Volume II (lessons 12 to 19), full text
- Lesson 13 Cultural Syncretism: Bhakti Movement in India, pp. 21-32 (printed 17-28)
- Lesson 13 Cultural Syncretism: Bhakti Movement in India, 13.1 Bhakti Movement in the South (Azhwars and Nayanmars), p. 22 (printed 18)
- Lesson 13 Cultural Syncretism: Bhakti Movement in India, 13.2 Spread of Bhakti Movement to the North (Sankara's Advaita), p. 23 (printed 19)
- Lesson 13 Cultural Syncretism: Bhakti Movement in India, 13.2 Spread of Bhakti Movement to the North (Ramanujar's Visishtadvaita), p. 23 (printed 19)
- Lesson 13 Cultural Syncretism: Bhakti Movement in India, 13.2 Spread of Bhakti Movement to the North (Madhva), p. 23 (printed 19)
History of Medieval India · Satish Chandra
- ch. 4
Themes in Indian History Part II, Class XII, Theme 6 Bhakti-Sufi Traditions: Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts
- Theme 6 Bhakti-Sufi Traditions, 2. Poems of Prayer: Early Traditions of Bhakti (Alvars and Nayanars); Compilations of devotional literature, pp. 4-7 (printed 143-146)
- Theme 6 Bhakti-Sufi Traditions, Timeline: Some Major Religious Teachers in the Subcontinent, p. 28 (printed 167)
- Theme 6 Bhakti-Sufi Traditions, 3. The Virashaiva Tradition in Karnataka, p. 8 (printed 147)