Indian art and culture / Religion and philosophy
Mahavira, Jain doctrine and sects
Practise 4 PYQsConcepts to cover
- Vardhamana Mahavira (Nigantha Nataputta or Nayaputta) as the twenty-fourth tirthankara; Parshvanatha as historical predecessor; Rishabha
- Triratna, five vows, anekantavada and syadvada, karma as matter clinging to the soul, penance and ahimsa, kevala jnana
- Souls (jiva) in all beings including plants, rocks, water and other natural objects; ajiva categories
- Four states of existence (gati): deva (gods), manushya (humans), tiryancha (animals and plants), naraka (hell beings); yakshas are not a gati
- Split after Bhadrabahu and Sthulabhadra; Digambara sub-sects (Bisapanthi, Terapanthi, Taranpanthi) and Shvetambara sub-sects (Murtipujaka, Sthanakvasi, Terapanthi); Sthanakvasi rejects idol worship
- Councils at Pataliputra and Valabhi; spread to Karnataka (Bhadrabahu, Chandragupta at Shravanabelagola), Gujarat (Kumarapala, Hemachandra), Kalinga (Kharavela)
- Shravanabelagola, Dilwara, Ranakpur, Palitana (Shatrunjaya), Girnar, Sammed Shikhar, Udayagiri-Khandagiri, Sittanavasal, Ellora Jain caves
Where to study
Themes in Indian History Part I, Class XII, Theme 4 Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings: Cultural Developments
- Theme 4 Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings, pp. 1-33 (printed 82-114)
- Theme 4 Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings, 3. Beyond Worldly Pleasures: The Message of Mahavira, p. 7 (printed 88)
- Theme 4 Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings, 3. Beyond Worldly Pleasures: The Message of Mahavira (ahimsa, karma, asceticism), p. 7 (printed 88)
- Theme 4 Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings, 3. Beyond Worldly Pleasures: The Message of Mahavira (the entire world is animated), p. 7 (printed 88)
Our Pasts I, Class VI, ch. 6 New Questions and Ideas
- ch. 6 New Questions and Ideas, pp. 1-10 (printed 57-66)
- ch. 6 New Questions and Ideas, Jainism, pp. 5-6 (printed 61-62)
India’s Ancient Past · R. S. Sharma
- ch. 14
Indian Art and Culture · Nitin Singhania
- ch. 19
Tamil Nadu State Board Class XI History, Volume I
- Lesson 3 Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects, 3.5 Jainism (Vardhamana Mahavira, Parsva), pp. 52-53 (printed 48-49)
- Lesson 3 Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects, Tenets of Jainism, p. 53 (printed 49)
- Lesson 3 Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects, Tenets of Jainism (jiva), pp. 52-53 (printed 48-49)
- Lesson 3 Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects, Tenets of Jainism; Jainism in Tamilnadu (the Digambara and Svetambara split), pp. 53-54 (printed 49-50)
- Lesson 3 Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects, Tenets of Jainism; Jainism in Tamilnadu (Bhadrabahu, Chandragupta, Sravanabelagola, councils), pp. 53-54 (printed 49-50)
An Introduction to Indian Art Part I, Class XI, ch. 6 Temple Architecture and Sculpture
- ch. 6 Temple Architecture and Sculpture, Buddhist and Jain Architectural Developments (Jain sites: Shravanabelagola, Mount Abu, Ranakpur, Palitana), pp. 27-28 (printed 94-95)
An Introduction to Indian Art Part I, Class XI, ch. 4 Post-Mauryan Trends in Indian Art and Architecture
- ch. 4 Post-Mauryan Trends in Indian Art and Architecture, Cave Tradition in Eastern India (Udayagiri and Khandagiri), pp. 17-18 (printed 43-44)