Oceanography
Ocean currents
Practise 5 PYQsConcepts to cover
- Forces driving currents: solar heating, winds, gravity, Coriolis force; density differences
- Warm and cold currents; surface and deep currents; gyres
- Atlantic currents: Gulf Stream, North Atlantic Drift, Canary, Labrador, Brazil, Benguela
- Pacific currents: Kuroshio, Oyashio, California, Peru (Humboldt), East Australian
- Indian Ocean currents: monsoon reversal, Agulhas, West Australian, Somali current
- Equatorial currents and the equatorial counter-current in the doldrums
- Effects: climate moderation, fishing grounds where warm and cold currents meet, fog, western tropical oceans warmer than eastern
- Deep thermohaline circulation and upwelling
Where to study
Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Class XI, chapter 13: Movements of Ocean Water (Reprint 2026-27)
- ch. 13, Movements of Ocean Water, p. 1-6 (book pages 108-113)
- ch. 13, Ocean Currents, p. 4 (book page 111)
- ch. 13, Types of Ocean Currents, p. 4 (book page 111)
- ch. 13, gyre, p. 4 (book page 111)
- ch. 13, Effects of Ocean Currents, p. 5-6 (book pages 112-113)
Certificate Physical and Human Geography · Goh Cheng Leong
- ch. 12, The Oceans
Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Class XI, chapter 12: Water (Oceans) (Reprint 2026-27)
- ch. 12, Gulf Stream, p. 5 (book page 103)
- ch. 12, upwelling, p. 5 (book page 103)
Our Environment, Class VII, chapter 5: Water (Reprint 2024-25)
- ch. 5, Ocean Currents, p. 7 (book page 36)