Geomorphology and the Earth
Groundwater and karst landforms
Concepts to cover
- Water table, aquifers, springs and artesian basins
- Conditions for karst: thick jointed limestone or dolomite, permeability, solution by carbonic acid
- Swallow holes, sinkholes, dolines, uvalas and poljes
- Lapies, clints and grikes, limestone pavements
- Caves, stalactites, stalagmites and pillars
- Chalk landscapes: escarpments, dry valleys, downs
Where to study
Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Class XI, chapter 6: Landforms and their Evolution (Reprint 2026-27)
- ch. 6, Landforms and their Evolution, p. 1-16 (book pages 47-62)
- ch. 6, Groundwater, p. 5 (book page 51)
- ch. 6, Pools, Sinkholes, Lapies and Limestone Pavements, p. 6-7 (book pages 52-53)
- ch. 6, Caves, p. 7 (book page 53)
- ch. 6, Stalactites, Stalagmites and Pillars, p. 7-8 (book pages 53-54)
Certificate Physical and Human Geography · Goh Cheng Leong
- ch. 4, Weathering, Mass Movement and Groundwater
- ch. 8, Limestone and Chalk Landform
India: People and Economy, Class XII, chapter 4: Water Resources (Reprint 2026-27)
- ch. 4, aquifer, p. 10 (book page 50)