Geomorphology and the Earth
Earthquakes and volcanoes
Practise 1 PYQConcepts to cover
- Earthquake mechanism: focus, epicentre, faults and energy release
- Types of earthquakes; Richter magnitude and Mercalli intensity
- Effects of earthquakes; tsunami generation and propagation
- Volcano types: shield, composite, caldera, flood basalt provinces, mid-ocean ridge volcanism
- Products of eruption: lava, pyroclastic debris, ash, gases including sulphur and nitrogen compounds
- Intrusive forms: batholith, laccolith, lopolith, phacolith, sill, dyke
- World distribution: Pacific Ring of Fire, mid-Atlantic belt, Alpine-Himalayan belt
Where to study
Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Class XI, chapter 3: Interior of the Earth (Reprint 2026-27)
- ch. 3, Interior of the Earth, p. 1-9 (book pages 18-26)
- ch. 3, Earthquake, p. 2 (book page 19)
- ch. 3, Richter, p. 4 (book page 21)
- ch. 3, tsunami, p. 4 (book page 21)
- ch. 3, Volcanoes, p. 6 (book page 23)
- ch. 3, Volcanoes and Volcanic Landforms, p. 6 (book page 23)
- ch. 3, Intrusive Forms, p. 7 (book page 24)
Certificate Physical and Human Geography · Goh Cheng Leong
- ch. 3, Volcanism and Earthquakes
India: Physical Environment, Class XI, chapter 6: Natural Hazards and Disasters (2026-27)
- ch. 6, Tsunami, p. 8 (book page 59)
Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Class XI, chapter 4: Distribution of Oceans and Continents (Reprint 2026-27)
- ch. 4, Post-drift Studies, p. 2 (book page 28)
- ch. 4, Convergent Boundaries, p. 7 (book page 33)