Oceanography
Ocean temperature, salinity and density
Practise 1 PYQConcepts to cover
- Factors of surface temperature: latitude, land-water distribution, winds, currents
- Vertical distribution: surface layer, thermocline, deep cold layer; polar contrast
- Salinity: sources and controls (evaporation, precipitation, river inflow, ice, currents)
- Salinity distribution: highest in the Red Sea and subtropical gyres, lowest in the Baltic and river mouths; vertical halocline
- Density of sea water and deep-water formation
Where to study
Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Class XI, chapter 12: Water (Oceans) (Reprint 2026-27)
- ch. 12, Water (Oceans), p. 1-9 (book pages 99-107)
- ch. 12, Factors Affecting Temperature Distribution, p. 5 (book page 103)
- ch. 12, Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Temperature, p. 5-6 (book pages 103-104)
- ch. 12, Salinity of Ocean Waters, p. 6-7 (book pages 104-105)
- ch. 12, Horizontal Distribution of Salinity, p. 7-8 (book pages 105-106)
- ch. 12, Vertical Distribution of Salinity, p. 7 (book page 105)
- ch. 12, density, p. 6-7 (book pages 104-105)